Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, cilt.20, sa.2, ss.1465-1481, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
This study compares three different extraction methods—conventional solvent extraction (CSE), ultrasound-assisted extraction using a bath system (UAE-B), and ultrasound-assisted extraction using a probe system (UAE-P)—for recovering anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds from blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.). Extractions were performed using 50% ethanol and citric acid-acidified ethanol (0.01% w/v) under varying time and temperature conditions. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMA), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were determined spectrophotometrically, while anthocyanin profiles were analyzed via HPLC. UAE-P at 40 °C for 5 min with a 1:20 (g/g) solid-to-solvent ratio using ethanol yielded the highest recovery: TMA of 1165.44 ± 11.82 mg cyanidin-3-rutinoside/kg and TAA of 49.08 ± 0.99 mmol TE/kg, corresponding to approximately 52% and 15% higher values, respectively, than CSE under optimal conditions. Acidified ethanol effectively reduced polymeric color formation across all methods, thereby enhancing anthocyanin stability. The dominant anthocyanins identified by HPLC were delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside. UAE-P was particularly effective in improving delphinidin derivatives, suggesting compound-specific responses to ultrasonic intensity, as ultrasound-induced cavitation enhances cell wall rupture and solvent penetration, facilitating the release of delphinidin-type anthocyanins that are more responsive to ultrasonic energy due to their structural polarity. Overall, both ultrasound-assisted techniques outperformed conventional extraction in terms of yield, time efficiency, and compound stability. Among them, UAE-P demonstrated the highest performance in preserving and recovering bioactive compounds in a short duration. These findings indicate that ultrasound-assisted extraction, especially the probe system, represents a sustainable and effective method for producing high-value anthocyanin-rich extracts. The resulting extracts hold promise as natural colorants and antioxidants in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.