Unusual, Uncommon, Intriguing, and Significant Causes of Kounis Syndrome: Important Medications and Chemicals Used to Treat Kounis Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction Can Cause Kounis Syndrome

Kounis, Nicholas; de Gregorio, Cesare; Hung, Ming-Yow; Giamouzis, Grigorios; Michalaki, Marina; ÖZKAN, UĞUR; Ceasovschih, Alexandr; Mplani, Virginia; Dousdampanis, Periklis; Kouni, Sophia; Stefanidis, Alexandros; Nastouli, Kassiani-Maria; Bozika, Maria; Patsouras, Nicholas; Koniari, Ioanna

doi:10.3390/jcdd12110423

Unusual, Uncommon, Intriguing, and Significant Causes of Kounis Syndrome: Important Medications and Chemicals Used to Treat Kounis Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction Can Cause Kounis Syndrome

Kounis N. G., de Gregorio C., Hung M., Giamouzis G., Michalaki M. A., ÖZKAN U., ...Daha Fazla

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, cilt.12, sa.11, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

Yayın Türü: Makale / Derleme
Cilt numarası: 12 Sayı: 11
Basım Tarihi: 2025
Doi Numarası: 10.3390/jcdd12110423
Dergi Adı: Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, EMBASE, Directory of Open Access Journals
Anahtar Kelimeler: adrenaline, aspirin, atropine, clopidogrel, corticosteroids, heparin, hirudotherapy, kisses, Kounis syndrome, leech, protamine sulfate
Trakya Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Mast cell degranulation and other interacting and linked cells, including T-lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and platelets, as well as a range of inflammatory mediators produced during an anaphylactic or allergic reaction, constitute the main causes of Kounis syndrome. Acute ischemia episodes, coronary spasm, atheromatous plaque erosion/rupture, and platelet activation can all be caused by histamine, tryptase, arachidonic acid derivatives, and chymase in the Kounis syndrome cascade. Kounis syndrome can be triggered by a variety of factors, including medications, hymenopteran stings, metals, foods, environmental exposures, illnesses, and immunizations. In addition, some unusual, rare, intriguing, and significant causes of Kounis syndrome have been discovered recently, namely the “kiss of death”, where human kissing and pet kissing can induce fatal Kounis syndrome. Moreover, the clinical conundrum is that several of the main drugs and substances used to treat myocardial infarction and Kounis syndrome, such as adrenaline (epinephrine), aspirin, atropine, clopidogrel, corticosteroids, heparins, protamine sulfate, and hirudotherapy can also initiate it. Therefore, physicians should be aware of this clinical discrepancy to prevent catastrophic consequences.